2,4-D ester 800

2,4-D ester 800

Also see Comparative Data for Various Forms of 2,4-D for a comparison between the amine, LV ester and HV ester formulations.

Previously sold as Estone 80, D Ester 800.

2,4-D ethyl ester

CROP CARE ESTER 800 SELECTIVE HERBICIDE

FARMOZ 2,4-D ESTER 800 HERBICIDE

NUFARM ESTERCIDE 800 HERBICIDE

UNITED FARMERS ESTER 800 HERBICIDE

4FARMERS 2,4-D ESTER 800 HERBICIDE (ethyl/butyl ester)

2,4-D butyl ester

4FARMERS 2,4-D ESTER 800 HERBICIDE (ethyl/butyl ester)

2,4-D isobutyl ester

GENFARM 2,4-D ESTER 800 EC HERBICIDE

SIPCAM SIESTER 800 HERBICIDE

2 PRICE:

3 ACTIVE INGREDIENTS:2,4-D Ester 800g/L

4 CHEMICAL GROUP:I

5 RELATED HERBICIDES:

2,4-D amine 500	2,4-D Amine 500g/L
2,4-D amine 625	2,4-D Amine 625g/L
2,4-D amine plus Dicamba	2,4-D 250gL + dicamba 100g/L
2,4-D ester 800	2,4-D Ester 800g/L
2,4-D ester plus Garlon	2,4-D ester 530g/L + triclopyr 200g/L
2,4-D LV ester 600	2,4-D LV ester 600g/L
2,4-DB 400	2,4-DB 400g/L
2,4-DB plus MCPA	2,4-DB 200g/L + MCPA 250g/L
Access	Picloram 120g/L + triclopyr 240g/L
Dicamba 200	Dicamba 200
Dicamba 25 plus MCPA 150	Dicamba 25g/L + MCPA 150g/L
Dicamba 500	Dicamba 500g/L
Dicamba 700	Dicamba 700g/kg
Dicamba plus MCPA	Dicamba 80g/L + MCPA 340g/L
Garlon 600	Triclopyr 600g/L
Grazon Extra	Aminopyralid 8g/L+picloram 100g/L+tricolpyr 300g/L
Hotshot	Aminopyralid salt 10g/L + fluroxypyr-meptyl 140g/L
Lontrel	Clopyralid 300g/L
Lontrel 750	Clopyralid 750g/kg
MCPA amine 500	MCPA 500g/L
MCPA LVE	MCPA LV ester 500g/L
MCPB 400	MCPB 400g/L
Picloram plus Triclopyr	Picloram 100g/L + triclopyr 300g/L
Starane 200	Fluroxypyr 200g/L
Tordon 242	MCPA 420g/L + picloram 26g/L
Tordon 75-D	2,4-D 300g/L + picloram 75g/L
Tri-kombi	24D Ester 800g/L + Dicmaba 40g/L + Mecoprop 336g/L

6 GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

2,4-D ester is foliar absorbed, post emergent, translocated herbicide for the control of broad leaved weeds. There is virtually no absorption through the roots. It has a useful level of volatility for penetrating stubbles and other protected areas. This also makes it safer than amine formulations for application before planting crops. The volatility precludes its use in close proximity to sensitive species. Low levels of drift or vapours can cause high levels of symptoms on sensitive species.

7 APPLICATION METHODS AND TIPS:

Best results when applied in fine weather to actively growing plants.

8 WEATHER:

Rainfast in 3-6 hours.

Frost effects : Frost before application may retard weed growth thus reducing translocation. For best results, 2-3 frost free days required after application.

Wind : Regulations require application when wind speeds are between 3 and 15 km/hour to reduce the risk of damage caused by drift. Avoid spraying when wind is blowing towards sensitive crops.

Inversions: Don't apply during inversion conditions as damaging levels of herbicide drift may move a kilometre or more.

Temperature :

Delta T and Relative Humidity : Avoid application when Delta T is greater than

9 ADJUVANTS:

Generally none are required.

Wetting agents may be useful for hard to wet plants and in non selective situations to improve droplet retention.

Wetting agents and spray oils may increase the risk of crop damage.

10 WATER QUALITY:

Hard water: Generally quite tolerant to hard water. Do a jar test to see if the emulsifiers become overloaded and the herbicide separates from the water.

Salty water: Often separates in salty water. Do a jar test to see if the emulsifiers become overloaded and the herbicide separates from the water.

Colloids: Tolerates muddy water.

pH: Tolerates the range of pH normally found in the field.

11 COMPATIBILITY:

Trace elements.

Not compatible with zinc heptahydrate.

Ester formulations generally have good compatibility providing the emulsifier is not overloaded and the product separates from the water (do a jar test).

See HerbiGuide Compatibilities button.

12 EQUIPMENT:

Boom sprays, high and low volume hand leads. Generally not recommended for use in aircraft or misters because of concerns with drift.

Regulations require the use of coarse droplets to reduce the impacts of drift.

Recommended water volume: 30 - 120 L/ha for boom sprays, 10 - 90 L/ha aircraft and 200 - 1000 L/ha for hand leads.

80 or 100 degree flat fan nozzles operating at 150-300 kPa is a typical set up for boom sprays. Larger orifice nozzles (eg 02 or 03) or air induction nozzles are used to reduce drift but water volumes need to be about 80 L/ha or more for good coverage of small weeds.

13 SPRAYER DECONTAMINATION:

Clean Up:

Remove filters and nozzles and manually clean separately. Rinse with kerosene or water plus degreaser. Rinse with 1% ammonia through boom then triple rinse with soapy water or water plus wetting agent and run through boom.

Decontamination:

Remove filters and nozzles and clean separately. Rinse with kerosene or water plus degreaser. Wash out with hot soapy water or water plus 0.25% wetting agent. Fill with 1% solution of ammonia and allow to stand for several hours. Triple rinse with water plus wetting agent. Or use a commercial spray tank and equipment cleaner. Check and clean filters and nozzles again if necessary.

It may not be possible to decontaminate old spray tanks and hoses.

14 HERBICIDE RESISTANCE:

Some plants have developed some resistance to 2,4-D.

15 REPLANTING INTERVALS:

Plant back periods in days for various rates of application

Crop	<440 mL/ha	440-860 mL/ha	860-1300 mL/ha
Balansa clover	7	7	10
Barley	1	1	3
Canola	14	21	28
Chickpea	7 (14Qld)	14	21
Clover; Subterranean	7	7	10
Clover; White	7	7	10
Cotton	10	14	21
Faba Bean	7	7	10
Field Pea	7	14	14
Lentils	7	7	10
Linseed	7	7	14
Lucerne	7	7	10
Lupin	7 (28 WA)a	14 (28 WA)a	21 (28 WA)a
Medic	7	7	10
Narbon Bean	7	7	10
Navy Bean	10	10	14
Oat	3	3	7
Perennial Ryegrass	7	7	10
Persian Clover	7	7	10
Phalaris	7	7	10
Rice	7	7	14
Safflower	7 (14 Qld)	14	21
Sorghum	3 (1 Qld)	7 (~1 Qld)b	10
Soybean	14	14	21
Sunflower	7 (1 Qld)	10 (~1 Qld)b	14
Triticale	1	3	7
Vetch	7	7	10
Wheat	1	3	7

These plant backs are generally quite conservative and problems are rarely seen with shorter periods because most of the free 2,4-D ester evaporates within a day or two of spraying.

a Lupin replanting interval from Nufarm Label. Seems excessive.

b Nufarm label has 1 day for rates < 625 mL/ha in Queensland.

16 WITHHOLDING PERIODS:

Crop	Type	Time
All	Harvest	7 days
All	Grazing	7 days

17 RE-ENTRY PERIOD:

Wear protective clothing if working in the crop before the spray has dried.

17 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING:

Face shield or goggles, cotton overalls, gloves, boots.

19 SOIL:

Soil type has little direct effect.

20 MODE OF ACTION:

Post-emergent. Disrupts cell growth and elongation. Multiple sites of action.

Uptake and translocation:

Foliar absorbed with virtually no root absorption.

High concentrations may cause leaf burn and poor translocation leading to poor weed control. Translocated both up and down from the site of application to sources of active growth.

Physiological effects:

Causes twisting, swelling and splitting of soft stems and abnormal growth of leaves often resulting in cupping and inter veinal chlorosis. Flowers are often deformed and seed viability may be affected. These symptoms may occur at very low dose rates.

Residual Life and Breakdown:

21 SELECTIVITY:

Most grasses are tolerant to 2,4-D. Woody plants have lower tolerances and soft broad leaved species are generally susceptible to rates around 1 kg a.e./ha.

Crop effects are usually only noticeable if applied at the incorrect growth stage and/or excessive rates.

Plant roots absorb polar (salt and amine) forms of 2,4-D most readily and leaves absorb non polar (ester) forms most readily. Salt formulations have negligible vapour pressure are the safer to use in close proximity to sensitive plants whereas ester formulations are generally safer prior to planting susceptible crops.

Crop tolerance:

Varietal sensitivities:

Applying 2,4-D to wheat before the completion of ear development may lead to yield loss and head deformities. Some varieties complete ear development at an earlier growth stage than others. The earliest timing for 2,4-D application therefore depends on the variety as indicated below

Variety	Growth Stage	Leaves on the main stem.
Ajana	Z15	5
Amery	Z16	6
Aroona	Z16	6
Arrino	Z16	6
Blade	Z16	6
Brookton	Z17	7
Cadoux	Z16	6
Calingiri	Z17	7
Camm	Z16	6
Canna	Z15	5
Carnamah	Z16	6
Corrigin	Z16	6
Cranbrook	Z17	7
Cunderdin	Z17	7
Dagger	Z17	7
Eradu	Z16	6
Gamenya	Z16	6
Gutha	Z15	5
Halberd	Z16	6
Kalannie	Z15	5
Kulin	Z15	5
Machete	Z17	7
Nyabing	Z16	6
Perenjori	Z17	7
Spear	Z17	7
Stiletto	Z17	7
Tammin	Z17	7
Tincurrin	Z15	5
Westonia	Z15	5
Wilgoyne	Z16	6

Effect on Clover Species:

Clover tolerance increases at later growth stages and at 350 mL/ha light but acceptable damage occurs with many clover varieties. It is generally not as safe as 2,4-D amine, MCPA 250 and 500. MCPA is generally preferred where clover damaged needs to b minimized.

Effect on Medic Species:

Rates above 100 mL/ha generally damage Medics. Rates of 100 ml/ha on barrel medic cv Parragio, Sephi, Cyprus and Parabinga; gamma medic cv Paraponto; snail medic cv sava; spineless burr medic cv Circle Valley and Serena and strand medic cv Harbinger cause minimal to light but acceptable damage.

Effect on Lucerne:

Death of seedlings or established plants very common especially at low rates of herbicides and even if leaf growth is at a minimum when sprayed. Cutting/grazing prior to spraying can reduce damage but damage is usually unacceptable and severe. Herbicide drift onto lucerne can cause damage.

Effect on Native Plants:

Most native plants will tolerate low levels of 2,4-D and drift is not expected to cause significant long term effects on roadside trees or vegetation if reasonable care is taken to avoid exposure.

22 DISEASE AND INSECT EFFECTS:

Vascular diseases usually reduce the translocation of 2,4-D and may reduce efficacy. Leaf diseases may reduce the leaf area available for 2,4-D absorption and consequently reduce efficacy.

Low levels of insect damage may increase the absorption of 2,4-D increasing efficacy but also increasing the risk of crop damage. High levels of defoliation by insects may reduce efficacy due to decreased leaf area to collect spray droplets compared to the size of the plant.

23 PLANT SYMPTOMS:

Initial symptoms are usually apparent in 3-7 days and include twisting of soft stems, cupping of leaves and erection of rosette leaves. Malformed growth may take weeks to develop. Death of young plants usually occurs within a month. Older and more woody plants may take several months to die.

The table below summarises the effects of 2,4-D esters on the most sensitive species tested.

Species	Growth stage	Formulation	EC25 g a.e. /ha	NOEC g a.e./ha
Onion (Monocot)	Seedling	2,4-D IPE (ester)	11	6.3
Lettuce (Dicot)	Seedling	2,4-D IPE (ester)	0.9	0.53
Corn (Monocot)	Vegetative	2,4-D IPE (ester)	226	28.2
Lettuce (Dicot)	Vegetative	2,4-D IPE (ester)	6.8	1.4

Table adapted from EPA 738-R-05-002, June 2005

For sensitive species like Lettuce and Tomato, rates around 3 mL/ha of 2,4-D ester can cause symptoms.

For cereals the ester formulations are less damaging to the crop pre planting than the amine formulations.

SECONDARY EFFECTS:

Sugar contents of sprayed plants normally increase within a week of spraying and this may make the plants more palatable to herbivores including sheep and insects. This may cause stock problems if toxic plants are present.

24 TOXICITY:

Summary:

2,4-D ester is generally of low toxicity to mammals, birds and bees. It can be highly toxic to some aquatic organisms.

Details:

Poison schedule: S5

Mammalian toxicity: Low.

Acute oral LD50: 2,4-D ester 620-900 mg/kg (rat). 2,4- D acid 699 mg/kg (rat), [For comparison table salt is 3000 mg/kg]

Acute dermal LD50: >2000 mg/kg (rabbit).

Skin:

Eye:

Vapour inhalation: LC50 >1.79 mg/L air 4 hour (rat).

Chronic oral toxicity: NOEL 1 mg/kg/day for two years.

High doses have caused reproductive effects in test animals.

Data indicates that 2,4-D has low teratogenic potential or is not teratogenic.

Several studies investigated 2,4-D as a carcinogen with varying results. At normal exposure levels it is not expected to be carcinogenic.

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI): 0.01 mg/kg/day.

Other Species:

Birds: toxicity.

Fish: Moderate toxicity LC50 5-62 mg/L (Bluegill sunfish). 62-153 mg/L (Rainbow trout).

Invertebrates: Slightly to moderately toxic to freshwater invertebrates. Practically non toxic to highly toxic to marine invertebrates (EPA, 2005)

Bees: Not toxic. Moderate doses have impaired brood production.

Arthropods: toxicity.

Earthworms:

25 TOXICITY SYMPTOMS:

Prolonged exposure with skin may cause defatting and secondary dermatitis.

Inhalation of the solvents may cause headache, nausea and intoxication.

Absorption of 2,4-D may cause lethargy and incoordination.

26 FIRST AID:

If SWALLOWED: Do NOT induce vomiting for small ingested quantities of less than a tablespoon. Give a glass of water. For large ingestions consider vomiting on medical advice but take care to avoid vomit entering lungs. Do not give anything by mouth to a semi conscious patient. Concentrate is considered harmful if swallowed. See a doctor.

If in EYES: Irrigate with plenty of water. See a doctor if symptoms develop or persist.

If on SKIN: Rinse with plenty of water, remove contaminated clothing, wash with soap and water.

If INHALED: Remove patient to fresh air. See a doctor if symptoms develop or persist.

Advice to doctor: Treat symptomatically. Product contains hydrocarbon solvents. Aspiration of vomit into the lungs can cause bronchopneumonia and pulmonary oedema.

Contact the Poisons Information Centre on 131126.

27 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE:

Half life in soil: 2,4-D EHE 1-14 days with an average of 2.9 days. It degrades more slowly on foliage and leaf litter. 2,4-D acid has a aerobic soil half life of 6.2 days.

Half life in water: Less than 24 hours in aquatic environments for 2,4-D EHE, BEE and IPE. Probably longer in clean water. 2,4-D acid has an aerobic half life of 15 days and an anaerobic half life of 41-333 days.

2,4-D acid is stable to abiotic hydrolysis with a half life of 1-2 years.

It has an EPA classification for soil mobility that ranges from intermediate to very mobile. Usually very low mobility in field studies even though laboratory solubility studies indicate 2,4-D is potentially mobile. Rapid degradation in the soil and removal from soil by plant uptake minimizes leaching under realistic application conditions.

Ground water contamination: Significant ground water contamination not likely but it has been detected in ground and surface waters in the US and Canada. Rarely detected more than 500 mm deep in soils.

Accumulation in milk and tissues - Does not accumulate. Not metabolised in the body. Excreted within a few days in urine.

pH stability:

Photolysis rate: 2,4-D acid half life (DT50) was 12.9 days in water at pH 5 and 68 days in soil. In air exposed to UV the half life was 13 days for 2,4-D butyl ester as a liquid and gas.

Hydrolysis half life: Stable to abiotic hydrolysis.

Biodegradation rate: 2,4-D acid half life is 6.9 days in aerobic soils and 15 days in aerobic aquatic environments. 2,4-D amine and salt formulations are similar. 2,4-D esters form the 2,4-D acid with a half life of about 3 (1-10) days then follow the acid degradation pathway with a half life of about 7 days. Most field studies show an apparent half life of 1.7 - 13 days with an average of 5 days in moist soils. In dry soils the half life is much longer because most of the breakdown is due to microbial activity. The half life in grass and thatch was < 7 days on average. The half life in natural water is 1-2 weeks but may be only a few days in rice paddies.

2,4-D degrades through several low toxicity intermediates to carbon compounds, CO2, water and chlorine or HCl.

28 REGISTERED CROPS:

See HerbiGuide Species Solution tab.

29 REGISTERED WEEDS:

See HerbiGuide Species Solution tab.

30 REGULATION AND LEGAL:

CAS numbers: 533-23-3.

UN number: 3082.

Hazchem code: None allocated.

NOHSC classification:

Land transport:

Dangerous goods class: Not a dangerous good for land transport.

Sea transport:

Proper shipping name: None allocated.

Environmentally hazardous substance, liquid, NOS, (2,4-D).

Class: 9

Packaging group: III

EPG:

31 PROPERTIES:

Empirical formula: C10H10Cl2O3 (2,4-D ethyl ester). C12H14Cl2O3 (2,4-D butyl ester).

Water solubility: Forms an emulsion with water.

Oil solubility:

Octanol:Water ratio: LogPow = at 25 C at pH 5;

Soil organic carbon absorption coefficient (Koc): 31.2-470.9 mL/g.

Soil DT50 aerobic 20 C - 1.7 days.

Soil DT50 anaerobic 20 C - 333 days (aquatic study).

Hydrolysis: 1-2 years sterile water pH 7 buffered.

Photolysis water DT50 13 days (artificial sunlight)

Photolysis soil DT50 68 days

Vapour Pressure: 1.39 x 10-3 mm Hg for 2,4-D ester. (0.5 kPa for solvent).

Vapour density: >1.

Dissociation constant: pKa

Melting point: -5 C.

Boiling point: 183-210 C (solvent).

Molecular weight: - 249 (2,4-D ethyl ester). 277 (2,4-D butyl ester).

Colour: Clear brown.

Odour: Solvent odour.

Bulk density:

Specific gravity: 1.29.

pH:

Flammability:

Flash Point; 96 C.

Flammability limit LEL: Lower 0.9%, Upper 6%.

May emit toxic fumes of hydrogen chloride and phosgene if burnt.

Exposure to strong oxidising agent may cause violent reactions.

Shelf Life: 5 years.

(When Stored under Ideal Conditions)

32 COMMENTS:

2,4-D decreases nitrate reductase in the plant and this results in an increased nitrate level. In some plants, such as Capeweed, Radishes, Turnips, and Canola, this may reach toxic levels.

33 REFERENCES:

Ashton, F.M. and Crafts, A.S. (1981) Mode of Action of Herbicides. (Wiley-Interscience publication).

Kearney, P.C. and Kaufman, D.D. (1976). Herbicides. Chemistry, degradation and mode of action. Vol 1 & 2.

Nufarm MSDS (June, 2002).

Farmoz MSDS (November 2003)

Acknowledgments:

Collated by HerbiGuide. For more information see www.herbiguide.com.au or phone 08 98444064.